Visual Guide to Liver Problems

This workhorse doesn't get the respect it deserves. If you asked most people to rank their organs, their liver might be way down the list. Maybe just above spleen. But day and night, it breaks down food, fights infection, and filters bad stuff from your blood. You can't live without it. Luckily, you can often slow, stop, or even reverse liver damage.

Lots of things cause liver damage, and it tends to get worse over time. No matter the cause, it usually unfolds the same way. First your liver swells. Then it gets scars (called fibrosis). With treatment, your liver may heal. But without it, over time, the scars become permanent (this is cirrhosis) and your liver struggles to do its job. Last comes liver failure, which is life-threatening. It means your liver has stopped working or is about to.

At first, you probably won't notice liver problems. But as it gets worse, your skin can feel itchy and bruise easily. Your eyes and skin may look yellowish, which doctors call jaundice. Your belly might hurt, and you could lose your appetite or feel sick to your stomach. Your legs, ankles, and belly may swell, too.

Most liver disease is chronic. It happens slowly over years. But sometimes, it comes on fast. While the symptoms are the same -- including jaundice, pain, and upset stomach -- acute liver failure takes only weeks or even days. And it can be life-threatening. So see a doctor right away when you have symptoms.

Some liver problems are related to diseases and other health conditions. Others have to do with your lifestyle, which you have some control over -- like how much you drink and how much (or little) you exercise. Although rare, pregnancy may contribute to liver problems.

As the country has gotten heavier, rates of liver disease have gone up. Extra weight raises your odds of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, when fat builds up in your liver. Most of the time, this condition is harmless. But for some people, it gets worse and leads to cirrhosis and other problems.

Heavy drinking is tough on your body. The liver's process of filtering alcohol out of your blood creates harmful chemicals. Drink too much booze for too long a time and those chemicals damage your liver. The first stage of alcoholic liver damage, when extra fat builds up, is called alcoholic fatty liver. If you keep drinking, you're likely to get alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and eventually liver failure.

Helpful medications and supplements can sometimes cause acute liver damage, including some antibiotics, acetaminophen, and NSAID pain relievers like ibuprofen and naproxen. Usually, it happens only when you take a very high dose or mix these with alcohol or other drugs. Street drugs like heroin and cocaine also cause liver damage. So can herbal remedies and supplements, as well as some chemicals used in dry cleaners and factories.

Hepatitis (including A, B, and C) and other viruses can cause acute or chronic damage to your liver. Your chances of getting hepatitis are higher if you share needles when you use drugs, have unprotected sex, have sex with a lot of people, or live in areas where food or water isn't safe.

If your immune system goes into overdrive, it could attack healthy parts of your body, including your liver. That's what happens with autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Treatment to curb the immune system's reaction may help.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis causes scars in the ducts that carry bile from your liver to your intestines. Over time, it can cause serious liver damage. So can the rare Budd-Chiari syndrome, when veins in the liver get blocked off. Gallstones that block bile ducts can cause jaundice and other problems. You're also more likely to have gallstones when you have liver disease.

Different types of cancer can affect the liver, although most spread from other parts of the body. Your chances of getting liver cancer -- the kind that starts in the liver -- are higher when you already have damage from fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver failure, and other conditions. If that's the case, your doctor may suggest you get checked regularly so you can catch cancer early.

Some people are born with rare conditions that can cause liver disease. Symptoms may show up when they're babies or not until 40 or 50 years later. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD) means your body doesn't make enough of a special protein that protects against liver damage. Hemochromatosis lets too much iron build up in your liver. Similarly, someone with Wilson disease will have too much copper in their liver.

Your doctor will start with blood tests to see how well your liver is working. They may use ultrasounds, CT scans, and MRIs to get a look at it and check for damage. Some people also need a biopsy. That's when a doctor uses a needle to take a tiny sample of the liver and then tests it.

In early stages of liver disease, lifestyle changes can often heal liver problems completely. Even with advanced disease, they can often limit the damage. Medications such as steroids, surgery, and other treatments may also help slow down or stop liver disease.

Whether your disease is mild or severe, your liver will be happier if you quit. Can't do it on your own? Speak up. Ask your doctor for help getting into a treatment program. To help prevent liver disease, limit yourself to no more than one drink per day for women, two for men.

If you're heavy, try to lose some weight. It can improve your liver health and even cure some types of early-stage liver disease. Regular exercise is great whether or not weight is an issue. Eat a balanced diet, with lots of healthy grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins. Choose high-fiber foods, and limit high-fat things like fried foods as well as salt.

For a severe problem like liver failure, they can be lifesaving. A surgeon will remove the sick liver and replace it with a healthy one. But a transplant doesn't have to be a whole liver. Sometimes, the doctor can use just part of a liver from a living person. In time, it will grow to full size, and the donor's will grow back, too.

Follow the instructions on whatever drug or product you use. Don't take more than the recommended amount. And never mix any medication with alcohol unless your doctor or pharmacist said it's safe. If you have liver problems, you should check with your doctor before you take any new medicine, supplement, or vitamin.

Get checkups regularly so your doctor can keep an eye on how you're doing with exams and tests. Follow the recommended treatment for conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes that can make liver problems worse. Check with your doctor about shots like hepatitis vaccines to protect your liver from damage.